A Short History of Christianity

John M. Robertson. 1902

PREFACE

PART I.
PRIMITIVE CHRISTIANITY.

CHAPTER I. THE BEGINNINGS

1. Documentary Clues
2. The Earliest Christian Sects
3. Personality of the Nominal Founder
4. Myth of the Twelve Apostles
5. Primary Forms of the Cult
6. Rise of Gentile Christism
7. Growth of the Christ Myth

CHAPTER II. THE ENVIRONMENT.

1. Social and Mental Conditions in the Roman Empire
2. Jewish Orthodoxy
3. Jewish Sects : the Essenes
4. Gentile Cults
5. Ethics : Popular and Philosophic

CHAPTER III. CONDITIONS OF SURVIVAL

1. Popular Appeal
2. Economic Causation
3. Organisation and Sacred Books
4. Concession and Fixation
5. Cosmic Philosophy

PART II.
CHRISTIANITY FROM THE SECOND CENTURY TO THE RISE OF MOHAMMEDANISM

CHAPTER I. SCOPE AND CHARACTER OF THE UNESTABLISHED CHURCH

1. Numbers and Inner Life
2. Growth of the Priesthood
3. The Gnostic Movement in the Second Century
4. Marcionism and Montanism
5. Bites and Ceremonies
6. Strifes over Primary Dogma

CHAPTER II. RELATIONS OF CHURCH AND STATE

1. Persecutions
2. Establishment and Creed-Making
3. Keaction under Julian
4. Re-establishment: Disestablishment of Paganism

CHAPTER III. FAILURE WITH SURVIVAL

1. The Overthrow of Arianism
2. The Cost of Orthodoxy
3. Moral and Intellectual Stagnation
4. The Social Failure

PART III.
MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY

CHAPTER I. EXPANSION AND ORGANISATION

1. Position in the Seventh Century
2. Methods of Expansion
3. Growth of the Papacy

CHAPTER II. RELIGIOUS EVOLUTION AND STRIFE

1. Growth of Idolatry and Polytheism
2. Doctrines of the Eucharist, Purgatory, and Confession
3. Rationalistic Heresies
4. Anti-clerical Heresies

CHAPTER III. THE SOCIAL LIFE AND STRUCTURE

1. The Clergy, Regular and Secular
2. The Higher Theology and its Effects
3. Christianity and Feudalism
4. Influence of the Crusades

CHAPTER IV. THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE

1. Superstition and Intolerance
2. The Inquisition
3. Classic Survivals and Saracen Contacts
4. Religion and Art

CHAPTER V. BYZANTINE CHRISTIANITY

PART IV.
MODERN CHRISTIANITY

CHAPTER I. THE REFORMATION

1. Moral and Intellectual Forces
2. Political and Economic Forces
3. Social and Political Results
4. Intellectual Results

CHAPTER II. PROGRESS OF ANTI-CHRISTIAN THOUGHT

1. The Physical Sciences
2. Philosophy, Cosmic and Moral
3. Biblical and Historical Criticism

CHAPTER III. POPULAR ACCEPTANCE

1. Catholic Christianity
2. Protestant Christianity
3. Greek Christianity

CHAPTER IV. THE RELATION TO PROGRESS

1. Moral Influence
2. Intellectual Influence
3. Conclusion and Prognosis

PREFACE

AN attempt to write the history of Christianity in the space of an average novel is so obviously open to objections that, instead of trying to parry them, I shall merely state what seems to me the possible compensation of brevity in such a matter. It is or may be conducive to total comprehension, to coherence of judgment, and in a measure even to the understanding of details. A distinguished expert in historical and philological research has avowed that specialists sometimes get their most illuminating ideas from a haphazard glance into a popular and condensed presentment of their own subject. Without hoping so to help the experts, I humbly conceive that the present conspectus of Christian history may do an occasional service even to an opponent by bringing out a clear issue. Writers of a different way of thinking have done as much for me.

The primary difficulty is of course the problem of origins. In my treatment of this problem, going as I do beyond the concessions of the most advanced professional scholars, I cannot expect much acquiescence for the present. It must here suffice to say, first, that the data and the argument, insofar as they are not fully set forth in the following pages, have been pre- sented in the larger work entitled Christianity and Mythology, or in the quarters mentioned in the Synopsis of Literature appended to this volume; and, secondly, to urge that opponents should read the study on the Gospels by Professor Schmiedel in the new Encyclopaedia Biblica before taking up their defensive positions. But so far am I from supposing my own solutions to be definitive that I desire here to avow a modification of opinion made since the first part of the book was printed. It is there assumed that the received trans- lation of a familiar passage (Luke xvii. 21), "The kingdom of God is within you," is right. On challenge and reflection I have to admit that it is not: the proper translation is almost certainly " in your midst"; and the passage thus falls in line with the other accounts in Luke of the kingdom of heaven as a religious movement or communion. My line of argument is not here affected ; but it may well be that some other such necessary correction might somewhere impair it.

One of the drawbacks of short histories is that in them at times a disputable proposition has to be summarily put. I doubt, however, whether this occurs oftener in the following pages than in lengthy treatises, where full discussion is fairly to be expected. For instance, I have held that the reference in Rev. ii. 8 to " the blasphemy of them which say they are Jews and are not, but are a synagogue of Satan," is to the Pauline or other Gentilising Jew-Christists. That is the view of Renan Harnack, who passes for a more solid authority, pronounces summarily that the phrase is cast by Jew-Christists at orthodox Jews. Such a decision seems to me to be irrational, but it is impossible in such a work to give space to a refutation, where Harnack has offered no argument on the other side in a monumental treatise. The same authority has justified masses of conformist historiography by the simple dogmatic assertion that the time is near at hand when men will universally recognise, in matters of Christian origins, " the essential rightness of tradition, with a few important exceptions." In putting forth a sketch which so little conforms to that opinion, I would but claim that it is not more unjudicial in its method than more conservative performances.

After the period of "origins" has been passed, there is happily less room for demur on any grounds. The statements of fact in the second and third parts are for the most part easily to be supported from the testimony of standard ecclesiastical historians; and the general judgments sometimes cited in inverted commas, in all four parts, are nearly always from orthodox writers. What is special to the present treatise is the sociological interpretation. It was indeed to the end of such interpretation that the researches here summarised were begun, over sixteen years ago; and in a documented work on The Rise of Christianity, Sociologically Considered, I hope more fully to present it. But as my first perplexity was to ascertain the real historical processus, I have never subordinated that need to the desire for explanation.

It hardly needs actual experience of the risks of error and oversight in a condensed narrative to con- vince one of the difficulty of escaping them. Where no single authority is found infallible, I must at times have miscarried, were it only because I have aimed at something beyond a condensation of current accounts. No criticism, therefore, will be more highly valued by me than one which corrects my errors of fact.

In order to cover the ground within the compass taken, it was absolutely necessary to digest the subject-matter under general heads ; and the chronological movement may in consequence be less clear than in histories which proceed by centuries. As a partial remedy, dates have been frequently inserted in the narrative, and it is hoped that the full index will help to meet the difficulty which may sometimes be felt as to where a given name or episode should be looked for.

It is perhaps needless to add that the appended Synopsis of Literature does not in the least pretend to be a bibliography for professed students. It is designed merely as a first help to painstaking readers to search and judge for themselves on the problems under notice.

December, 1901.